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علوم اجتماعی و جامعه شناسی::
دوﻟﺖ رﻓﺎه ﺳﻮﺳﯿﺎل دﻣﻮﮐﺮاﺗﯿﮏ
There are some obvious reasons for the resonance of his work with Nordic audiences at that time: his dislike of unnecessarily repressive punishment and belief that some offenders, at least, were redeemable sat well in these societies in which prison regimes were intended to reclaim offenders; as did his downplaying of the importance of judicial thinking in the development and application of the principles of punishment where judges administered law, rather than made it, and where civil servants and the criminal justice intelligentsia were held in high regard; as did his advocacy of indeterminate prison sentences for recidivists in a society in which collective well-being had priority over individual rights; as did his insistence that the state, rather than responding to crime with punishment, should develop preventative social policies - a state in which extensive powers were already in existence and would be extended further as the social democratic welfare state began to be constructed.
Indeed, in conjunction with the increasing powers of the social democratic welfare state and the way in which it was prepared to absorb the responsibilities of individual citizens, so diagnoses of mental abnormalities and other personality deficiencies in offenders - and the need for specialist provisions for them - grew exponentially.
Mass emigration had contributed to population loss (ensuring that this society was able to reproduce itself was to be an important theme in the formation of the social democratic welfare state, as we have seen), while Norway's unilateral declaration of independence in 1905 was thought to have harmed its national prestige.
This was an attribute of the highly paternalistic nature of the social democratic welfare state, as a whole, towards those thought to have lost their way in life.
Prisoners, like all other citizens, were expected to work in these societies - full employment was now central to the economic foundations of the social democratic welfare state, as well as the value that the Lutheran heritage had placed on it: 'a full employment policy is followed in the modern treatment of criminals.
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